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The Making of African American Identity: Volume III, 1917-1968

All Texts in chronological order by date of event or publication/creation date
No.	Date	Title	Online Source
1	1912	A Negro Nurse, "More Slavery at the South," Independent, 25 January 1912 http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/80	History Matters, George Mason University and the City University of New York (CUNY)
2	1919	Emmett J. Scott, ed., "Letters of Negro Migrants, 1916-1918," annotated collection, The Journal of Negro History, July & October 1919, selection http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/social/greatmigration/letters/ negro_letters.html	eCUIP: Digital Library Project of the Chicago Public Schools & University of Chicago Internet Project
3	1919	Claude McKay, "If We Must Die," poem http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5130/	History Matters
4	1919	Walter White, "N.A.A.C.P.—Chicago and Its Eight Reasons," essay, The Crisis, October 1919 http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/4978	History Matters
5	1919	"Negroes Petition General Assembly," The State (Columbia, South Carolina), 23 January 1919 http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/maai3/protest/text1/text1read.htm	National Humanities Center
6	1919	"Where We Are Lacking" & "Some "Don'ts," Chicago Defender, 17 May 1919 http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/maai3/migrations/text6/text6read.htm	National Humanities Center
7	1920	Emmett J. Scott, Negro Migration during the War, Ch. 3-4 http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/maai3/migrations/text1/text1read.htm	National Humanities Center
8	1921	Leslie Rogers, "People We Can Get Along Without," cartoon, Chicago Defender, 9 July 1921 http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6785	History Matters
9	1922	Charles Johnson, Chicago Commission on Race Relations, The Negro in Chicago: A Study of Race Relations and a Race Riot in 1919, commission report, excerpts http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/4977	History Matters
10	1922	Bessie Smith, "Tain't Nobody's Business If I Do," blues recording -Lyrics http://www.heptune.com/taintnob.html -Audio clip http://www.last.fm/music/Bessie+Smith/_/%27Tain%27t+ Nobody%27s+Business+if+I+Do	Heptune.com & last.fm
11	1924	Marcus Garvey, "Aims and Objects of Movement for Solution of Negro Problem," essay, 1924 http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/maai3/segregation/text1/text1read.htm	National Humanities Center
12	1925	Rudolph Fisher, "The City of Refuge," short story, Atlantic Monthly, February 1925 http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/maai3/migrations/text4/text4read.htm	National Humanities Center
13	1925	Alain Locke, "Enter the New Negro," essay, Survey Graphic, March 1925 http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/maai3/migrations/text8/text8read.htm	National Humanities Center
14	1925	R. Edgar Iles, "Boley: An Exclusively Negro Town in Oklahoma," essay, Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life, August 1925 http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/community/text1/text1read.htm	National Humanities Center
15	1925	James Weldon Johnson, "Harlem: The Culture Capital," essay in Alain Locke, ed., The New Negro http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/community/text1/text1read.htm	National Humanities Center
16	1925	Zora Neale Hurston, "Spunk," short story, Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life, June 1925 http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5131/	History Matters
17	ca. 1925	Georgia Douglas Johnson, A Sunday Morning in the South, one-act play http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/segregation/text3/text3read.htm	National Humanities Center
18	1926	George Schuyler, "The Negro-Art Hokum," essay, The Nation, 16 June 1926 http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5129/	History Matters
19	1926	Langston Hughes, "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain," essay, The Nation, 23 June 1926 http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/360.html	The Nation
20	1926	W. E. B. Du Bois, "Criteria of Negro Art," essay, The Crisis, October 1926 http://www.webdubois.org/dbCriteriaNArt.html	WEBDuBois.org
21	1927	E. Franklin Frazier, "Racial Self-Expression" (excerpt), in Ebony and Topaz: A Collectanea, ed. Charles S. Johnson, National Urban League http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/community/text5/text5read.htm	National Humanities Center
22	1927	William Pickens, "Racial Segregation," essay, Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life, December 1927 http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/segregation/text1/text1read.htm	National Humanities Center
23	1927	Gwendolyn B. Bennett, "Hatred," poem http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/protest/text11/text11read.htm	National Humanities Center
24	1928	Alain Locke, "Art or Propaganda?" essay, Harlem, November 1928 http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/protest/text10/text10read.htm	National Humanities Center
25	1929	Nella Larsen, Passing, novel, Ch. 3 http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/segregation/text6/text6read.htm	National Humanities Center
26	1929	Walter White, "I Investigate Lynchings," essay, American Mercury, January 1929 http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/segregation/text2/text2read.htm	National Humanities Center
27	1930	Eddie "Son" House, "Dry Spell Blues," blues recording -Version I: Lyrics http://www.harptab.com/lyrics/ly5014.shtml -Version II: Lyrics http://www.harptab.com/lyrics/ly5015.shtml -Audio clips http://www.amazon.com/Complete-Recorded-Works-House-Singers/ dp/B000000J26	HarpTab.com & Amazon.com
28	ca. 1930	Georgia Douglas Johnson, Blue-Eyed Black Boy, one-act play http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/segregation/text3/text3read.htm	National Humanities Center
29	1931	Sterling A. Brown, "Strong Men," poem http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/protest/text11/text11read.htm	National Humanities Center
30	1934	Countee Cullen, "Scottsboro, Too, Is Worth Its Song," poem http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/protest/text11/text11read.htm	National Humanities Center
31	1934	Aaron Douglas, Song of the Towers, in mural series Aspects of Negro Life http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ASI/musi212/brandi/douglas.html	American Studies, University of Virginia
32	1937	Richard Wright, "The Ethics of Living Jim Crow: An Autobiographical Sketch," essay, Federal Writers' Project (WPA) http://newdeal.feri.org/fwp/fwp03.htm	New Deal Network, Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute
33	1939	Augusta Savage, Lift Every Voice and Sing (The Harp), plaster sculpture for the New York World's Fair http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/community/text4/text4read.htm	National Humanities Center
34	1940	Langston Hughes, "Ballad of the Landlord," poem http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/protest/text11/text11read.htm	National Humanities Center
35	ca. 1940	"We Shall Overcome," (transition from earlier spiritual), lyrics & audio clip http://www.lib.virginia.edu/small/exhibits/music/ protest_overcome.html	Lift Every Voice, University of Virginia Library
36	1940 -1941	Jacob Lawrence, The Migration of the Negro, series of sixty paintings with captions, casein tempera on hardboard -Even-numbered panels http://www.moma.org/collection/browse_results.php? criteria=O%3AAD%3AE%3A3418&page_number=1&template_id=6&sort_order=1 -Odd-numbered panels http://www.phillipscollection.org/american_art/artwork/ Lawrence-Migration_Series1.htm	Museum of Modern Art Phillips Collection
37	1941	H. Lee Waters, Kannapolis, N.C., in film series Movies of Local People, video clip http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/community/text2/text2read.htm	National Humanities Center
38	ca.  1943 -1944	William H. Johnson, Moon over Harlem, oil on plywood http://americanart.si.edu/cottingham/tour-noframe.html?/ cottingham/more-moon.html	Smithsonian American Art Museum
39	1945	Letters of protest to A. S. Donaldson, manager, Lansburgh's Dept. Store, Washington, DC, from J. L. Henry, Florence Patterson Clark, and Beatrice M. Short http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/protest/text1/text1read.htm	National Humanities Center
40	1945	Robert Gwathmey, Poll Tax Country, oil on canvas http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/segregation/text4/text4read.htm	National Humanities Center
41	1946	Claude Clark, Slave Lynching, oil on canvas http://shs.westport.k12.ct.us/jwb/Art/Clark/Slave.jpg	J. Whiting, Staples HS, Westport, CT
42	1946 -1947	Elizabeth Catlett, four linoleum cuts in series The Negro Woman http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/segregation/text5/text5read.htm	National Humanities Center
43	1947	Jessie P. Guzman & W. Hardin Hughes, "Lynching-Crime," Negro Year Book: A Review of Events Affecting Negro Life, 1944-1946 http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/segregation/text2/text2read.htm	National Humanities Center
44	1957	Gwendolyn Brooks, "The Chicago Defender Sends a Man to Little Rock," poem http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/protest/text11/text11read.htm	National Humanities Center
45	ca. 1960	Southern Christian Leadership Conference, "This Is SCLC," pamphlet, excerpts http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/protest/text2/text2read.htm	National Humanities Center
46	1960	Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Statement of Purpose http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/protest/text2/text2read.htm	National Humanities Center
47	1960	Ruby Bridges integrating Frantz Elementary School, New Orleans, escorted by federal marshals, photograph http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/segregation/text9/text9read.htm	National Humanities Center
48	1961	Albany (Georgia) Nonviolent Movement, handbill announcing a meeting http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/protest/text2/text2read.htm	National Humanities Center
49	1962	Martin Luther King, Jr., "Fumbling on the New Frontier," essay, The Nation, 3 March 1962 http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/overcome/text1/text1read.htm	National Humanities Center
50	1962	Robert Williams, Negroes with Guns, Ch. 3-5 http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/protest/text6/text6read.htm	National Humanities Center
51	1963	Reginald Gammon, Freedom Now, acrylic on board http://xroads.virginia.edu/~UG01/hughes/now.html	American Studies, University of Virginia
52	1964	Malcolm X, "The Ballot or the Bullet," address, Detroit, Michigan, 12 April 1964, text & audio http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/malcolmxballotorbullet.htm	American Rhetoric.com
53	1964	Romare Bearden, Sermons: The Walls of Jericho, mixed media http://hirshhorn.si.edu/visit/collection_object.asp?key=32&subkey=3825	Hirshhorn Museum (Smithsonian)
54	1964	Joe Overstreet, The New Jemima, acrylic on fabric over plywood http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/overcome/text4/text4read.htm	National Humanities Center
55	1964	Norman Rockwell, The Problem We All Live With, oil on canvas http://www.guggenheim.org/exhibitions/past_exhibitions/rockwell/ problem.html	Guggenheim Museum
56	1965	James Farmer, "Integration or Desegregation," Ch. 5 (excerpt) of Freedom—When? http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/segregation/text7/text7read.htm	National Humanities Center
57	1965	Bayard Rustin, "From Protest to Politics: The Future of the Civil Rights Movement," essay, Commentary, February 1965 http://www.socialdemocrats.org/protopol.html	Social Democrats, USA
58	1965	Malcolm X, "Not Just an American Problem, But a World Problem," address, Rochester, New York, 16 February 1965 http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/community/text10/text10read.htm	National Humanities Center
59	1965	LeRoi Jones (Amiri Baraka), "The Revolutionary Theatre," essay, Liberator, July 1965 http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/protest/text12/text12read.htm	National Humanities Center
60	1965	Douglas Turner Ward, Day of Absence, one-act play, excerpts http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/protest/text12/text12read.htm	National Humanities Center
61	1965	Curtis Mayfield, "People Get Ready," song -Lyrics http://lyricsplayground.com/alpha/songs/p/peoplegetready.shtml -Audio clips (NPR broadcast) http://www.npr.org/news/specials/march40th/people.html	International Lyrics Playground & National Public Radio
62	1966	Julius Lester, "The Angry Children of Malcolm X," essay, Sing Out!, October/November 1966, excerpt http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/overcome/text5/text5read.htm	National Humanities Center
63	1966	Stokely Carmichael, "Toward Black Liberation," essay, The Massachusetts Review, Autumn 1966 http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/segregation/text8/text8read.htm	National Humanities Center
64	1967	Martin Luther King, Jr., "Where Do We Go from Here?," address to the Southern Christian Leadershp Conference (SCLC), Atlanta, Georgia, 16 August 1967 http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/kingpapers/ article/where_do_we_go_from_here/	The King Center & Stanford University
65	ca. 1967	Alice Walker, "Roselily," short story http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/migrations/text11/text11read.htm	National Humanities Center
66	1968	Anne Moody, Coming of Age in Mississippi, Ch. 26: "The Movement," excerpts (Mississippi Summer Freedom Project of 1963) http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/protest/text7/text7read.htm	National Humanities Center
67	1968	Larry Neal, "The Black Arts Movement," essay, Drama Review, Summer 1968, excerpt http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/community/text8/text8read.htm	National Humanities Center
68	1968	Elizabeth Catlett, Black Unity, mahogany sculpture http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/community/text9/text9read.htm	National Humanities Center
69	1969	Sonia Sanchez, "right on: white america," poem http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/protest/text11/text11read.htm	National Humanities Center
70	1970	Charles White, lithograph in Wanted Poster series http://negroartist.com/negro%20artist/charles%20white/pages/CHARLES%20WHITE%20Wanted%20Poster%201970_jpg.htm	NegroArtist.com
71	1972	Betye Saar, The Liberation of Aunt Jemima, mixed media assemblage http://www.netropolitan.org/saar/auntjemima.html	Netropolitan: Museum without Walls
72	1974	Henry Dumas, "Ark of Bones," short story (published posthumously), excerpt http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/community/text7/text7read.htm	National Humanities Center
73	1976	Bernice Johnson Reagon, "In Our Hands: Thoughts on Black Music," Sing Out!, January 1976 http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/protest/text3/text3read.htm	National Humanities Center
74	1987	Pauli Murray, "Members of Your Race Are Not Admitted" (on 1938 application to the University of North Carolina law school), Ch. 11 in Song in a Weary Throat, memoir (published posthumously) http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/protest/text1/text1read.htm	National Humanities Center
75	1987	Jo Ann Gibson Robinson, The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It, Ch. 2: "The Boycott Begins" http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/protest/text5/text5read.htm	National Humanities Center
76	1992	Brent Wade, Company Man, novel, excerpts http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/overcome/text7/text7read.htm	National Humanities Center
77	1993	Interview with Walter Cavers on choosing to remain in the South, Behind the Veil Project, Center for Documentary Studies, Duke University, as published in William Chafe et al., eds., Remembering Jim Crow: African Americans Tell about Life in the Segregated South, 2001 -Narrative: http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/migrations/text7/text7read.htm -"Wrongly Accused": audio clip (3:20) http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features/ remembering/danger.html	National Humanities Center & Remembering Jim Crow, American Radio Works
78	1994	Interview with A. I. Dixie and Samuel Dixie on fraternal organizations in Florida in the 1920s/1930s, Behind the Veil Project, Center for Documentary Studies, Duke University, as published in William Chafe et al., eds., Remembering Jim Crow: African Americans Tell about Life in the Segregated South, 2001 http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/community/text3/text3read.htm	National Humanities Center
79	1994	Interview with Brent Wade, author of novel Company Man (1992), radio broadcast in SoundingsTM from the National Humanities Center, audio clip http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/overcome/text7/text7read.htm	National Humanities Center
80	1995	Interview with Willie Harrell on plantation life in the twentieth-century South, Behind the Veil Project, Center for Documentary Studies, Duke University, as published in William Chafe et al., eds., Remembering Jim Crow: African Americans Tell about Life in the Segregated South, 2001 http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/migrations/text7/text7read.htm	National Humanities Center
81	1999	Tracy Price-Thompson, "Bensonhurst: Black and Then Blue" (school integration in 1960s), in Laurel Holliday, ed., Children of the Dream: Our Own Stories of Growing Up Black in America, 1999 http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/overcome/text6/text6read.htm	National Humanities Center
82	2000	David Van Leeuwen, "Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association," essay in TeacherServeTM, Divining America: Religion in the National Culture, from the National Humanities Center http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/twenty/tkeyinfo/garvey.htm	National Humanities Center

TOOLBOX: The Making of African American Identity: Volume III, 1917-1968 Segregation | Migrations | Protest | Community | Overcome?

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